DAVANTI A QUESTA
The Pope Speaks to Mothers:
Address of Pope Pius XII to the Concourse of Women of Catholic Action and Their Helpers from all the Dioceses of Italy
October
26, 1941, The Feast of Christ the King
As
We look round upon this splendid gathering of mothers, teaching sisters,
school-mistresses, representatives of the children of Italian Catholic Action,
and others who devote themselves to the work of education, Our thoughts go
beyond the threshold of this hall, beyond the confines of Italy, and reach to
the ends of the earth as We embrace all those dear children who are the flower
of the human race and the joy of their mothers' hearts. [Cf. Ps. cxii. 9] At
the same time We are mindful of the immortal Pope Pius XI who in his Encyclical
Divini illius Magistri of 31 December, 1929, treated so profoundly of
the Christian education of the young. Dealing with this important subject he
judiciously allocated the parts which belong respectively to the Church. the
family, and the State, and then went on regretfully to observe that parents are
often unprepared or ill-equipped for their work as educators. Accordingly, and
since the limits of that lucid and exhaustive document did not permit him to
deal in detail with education in the home, he exhorted in the name of Christ
all pastors of souls 'to use every means, by catechism and instruction, by word
of mouth and in widely published writings, to ensure that Christian parents are
well instructed both in general and in particular regarding their duties in the
religious, moral, and civic education of their children, and regarding the best
methods-----apart from their own example-----of attaining that end.' [Cf.
A.A.S.. XXII, 1930, pp. 73-4]
In
so exhorting the pastors of souls the great Pontiff was exhorting parents also,
fathers and mothers alike. But We believe that We are acting in accordance with
the desire of Our venerated Predecessor in reserving this special audience for
mothers and other teachers of children. It is true that when We speak to the
newly wed Our words are addressed also to you; nevertheless We are glad to have
this opportunity of speaking to you in a special way, dearly beloved daughters,
because We see in mothers, and in their expert and pious helpers, those who
exert the earliest and the most intimate influence upon the souls of little
ones and upon their growth in piety and virtue.
We
need not delay to remind you how important and now necessary is this work of
education in the home, and how grave a mother's obligation not to neglect it or
perform it with indifference. Speaking as We are to Our beloved daughters of
Catholic Action We can have no doubt that they regard this obligation as the
first of their duties as Christian mothers, and as a task in which none can
fully take their place. But it is not enough to be conscious of an obligation
and to have the desire to discharge it; it is necessary also to render oneself
capable of discharging it competently.
The Need of Serious Preparation for the
Difficult Work of Education
It
is a curious circumstance and, as Pope Pius XI remarked in his encyclical, a
lamentable one, that whereas no one would dream of suddenly becoming a mechanic
or an engineer, a doctor or a lawyer, without any apprenticeship or
preparation, yet every day there are numbers of young men and women who marry
without having given an instant's thought to preparing themselves for the
arduous work of educating their children which awaits them. And yet, if St.
Gregory the Great could speak of the government of souls as "the art of
arts", [Regula pastor., lib. I, c. 1] surely no art is more difficult and
strenuous than that of fashioning the souls of children; for those souls are so
very tender, so easily disfigured through some thoughtless influence or wrong
advice, so difficult to guide aright and so lightly led astray, more
susceptible than wax to receive a disastrous and indelible impression through
malignant influences or culpable neglect. Fortunate the child whose mother
stands by its cradle like a guardian Angel to inspire and lead it in the path
of goodness! And so while We congratulate you upon what you have already
achieved, We cannot but exhort you warmly and anew to develop those splendid
organizations which are doing so much to provide for every rank and social
class educators conscious of their high mission, in mind and bearing alert
against evil and zealous to promote good. Such sentiments in a woman and a
mother give her the right to that reverence and dignity which belong to a man's
loyal helpmeet; such a mother is like a pillar, for she is the central support
of the home; she is like a beacon whose light gives an example to the parish
and brings illumination to the pious associations of which she is a member.
The Mother's Work of Training During Infancy
Especially
opportune are those organizations of your Union of Catholic Action which seek
to help and train the young wife before childbearing and during the infancy of
her offspring. In this you are doing an Angel's work, watching over the mother
and the little one she bears within her, [Cf. S. Th. I, 113, 5, ad. 3] and
then, when the baby comes, standing by the cot to help the mother as with
breast and smile she feeds body and soul of the tiny angel that Heaven has sent
her. To woman, God has given the sacred mission, painful yet how joyous, [Cf.
John xvi. 21] of motherhood; and to her too, more than to anyone else, is entrusted
the first education of the child in its early months and years. Of heredity,
which may exercise such an influence upon the future cast of a child's
character, We will not speak-----except to say that this hidden heritage
sometimes points an accusing finger at the irregular life of the parents, who
are thus gravely responsible for making it difficult for their offspring to
lead a truly Christian life. Fathers and mothers, whose mutual love is
sanctified by the faith of Christ, see that before your child is born you
prepare a pure family atmosphere in which it may open its eyes to light and its
soul to life, so that the good odor of Christ may linger about every step of
its moral development.
Mothers,
your sensibility is greater and your love more tender, and therefore you will
keep a vigilant eye upon your babies throughout their infancy, watching over
their growth and over the health of their little bodies, for they are flesh of
your flesh and the fruit of your womb. Remember that your children are the
adopted sons of God and specially beloved of Christ; remember that their Angels
look for ever on the face of the Heavenly Father; [Cf. Matt. xviii. 10] and so
you too as you rear them must be angels in like manner, in all your care and
vigilance keeping your eyes fixed upon Heaven. It is your task from the cradle
to begin their education in soul as well as in body; for if you do not educate
them they will begin, for good or ill, to educate themselves. Many of the moral
characteristics which you see in the youth or the man owe their origin to the
manner and circumstances of his first upbringing in infancy: purely organic
habits contracted at that time may later prove a serious obstacle to the
spiritual life of the soul. And so you will make it your special care in the
treatment of your child to observe the prescriptions of a perfect hygiene, so
that when it comes to the use of reason its bodily organs and faculties will be
healthy and robust and free from distorted tendencies. This is the reason why,
except where it is quite impossible, it is most desirable that the mother
should feed her child at her own breast. Who shall say what mysterious
influences are exerted upon the growth of that little creature by the mother
upon whom it depends entirely for its development!
Have
you observed those little eyes, wide open, restlessly questioning, their glance
darting from this thing to that, following a movement or a gesture, already
expressing joy or pain, anger and obstinacy, and giving other signs of those
little passions that nestle in the heart of man even before the tiny lips have
learned to utter a word? This is perfectly natural. Notwithstanding what
certain thinkers have maintained, we are not born endowed with knowledge or
with the memories and dreams of a life already lived. The mind of the child as
it comes forth from its mother's womb is a page upon which nothing is written;
from hour to hour as it passes on its way from the cradle to the tomb its eyes
and other senses, internal and external, transmit the life of the world through
their own vital activity, and will write upon that page the images and ideas of
the things among which it lives. Hence an irresistible instinct for truth and
goodness turns 'the simple soul that nothing knows ' [Dante, Purg., XVI, 88]
upon the things of sense; and all these powers of feeling, all these childish
sensations, by way of which mind and will come gradually to their awakening,
need to be educated, trained, carefully guided, otherwise the normal awakening
and proper direction of these noble faculties of the spirit will be compromised
and distorted. From that early age a loving look, a warning word, must teach
the child not to yield to all its impressions, and as reason dawns it must
learn to discriminate and to master the vagaries of its sensations; in a word,
under the guidance and admonition of the mother it must begin the work of its
own education.
Study
the child in his tender age. If you know him well you will educate him well;
you will not misconceive his character; you will come to understand him,
knowing when to give way and when to be firm; a naturally good disposition does
not fall to the lot of all the sons of men.
The Training of the Mind
Train
the mind of your children. Do not give them wrong ideas or wrong reasons for
things; whatever their questions may be, do not answer them with evasions or
untrue statements which their minds rarely accept; but take occasion from them
lovingly and patiently to train their minds, which want only to open to the
truth and to grasp it with the first ingenuous gropings of their reasoning and
reflective powers. Who can say what many a genius may not owe to the prolonged
and trustful questionings of a childhood at the home fireside!
The Training of the Character
Train
the character of your children. Correct their faults, encourage and cultivate
their good qualities and co-ordinate them with that stability which will make
for resolution in after life. Your children, conscious as they grow up and as
they begin to think and will, that they are guided by a good parental will,
constant and strong, free from violence and anger, not subject to weakness or
inconsistency, will learn in time to see therein the interpreter of another and
higher will, the will of God, and so they will plant in their souls the seeds
of those early moral habits which fashion and sustain a character, train it to
self-control in moments of crisis and to courage in the face of conflict or
sacrifice, and imbue it with a deep sense of Christian duty.
The Training of the Heart
Train
their hearts. Frequently the decision of a man's destiny, the ruin of his
character, or a grave danger threatening him, may be traced to his childish
years when his heart was spoiled by the fond flattery, silly fussing, and
foolish indulgence of misguided parents. The impressionable little heart became
accustomed to see all things revolve and gravitate around it, to find all
things yielding to its will and caprice, and so there took root in it that
boundless egoism of which the parents themselves were later to become the first
victims! All this is often the just penalty of the selfishness of parents who
deny their only child the joy of having little brothers and sisters who, sharing
in the mother's love, would have accustomed him to think of others besides
himself. What deep and rich potentialities for love, goodness, and devotion lie
dormant in the heart of a child! You, mothers, must awaken them, foster them,
direct them, raise them up to Him Who will sanctify them, to Jesus; to Jesus,
and to Mary, their Heavenly Mother, who will open the child's heart to piety,
will teach it by prayer to offer its pure sacrifices and innocent victories to
the Divine Lover of little ones; she will teach it to feel compassion for the
poor and unhappy. How joyous is the springtime of childhood, unruffled by wind
or storm!
The Training of the Will in Adolescence
But
the day will come when the childish heart will feel fresh impulses stirring
within it; new desires will disturb the serenity of those early years. In that
time of trial, Christian mothers, remember that to train the heart means to
train the will to resist the attacks of evil and the insidious temptations of
passion; during that period of transition from the unconscious purity of
infancy to the triumphant purity of adolescence you have a task of the highest
importance to fulfill. You have to prepare your sons and daughters so that they
may pass with unfaltering step, like those who pick their way among serpents,
through that time of crisis and physical change; and pass through it without
losing anything of the joy of innocence, preserving intact that natural
instinct of modesty with which Providence has girt them as a check upon wayward
passion. That sense of modesty, which in its spontaneous abhorrence from the
impure is akin to the sense of religion, is made of little account in these
days; but you, mothers, will take care that they do not lose it through
indecency in dress or self-adornment, through unbecoming familiarities, or
immoral spectacles; on the contrary you will seek to make it more delicate and
alert, more upright and sincere. You will keep a watchful eye on their steps;
you will not suffer the whiteness of their souls to be stained and contaminated
by corrupt and corrupting company; you will inspire them with a high esteem and
jealous love for purity, advising them to commend themselves to the sure and
motherly protection of the Immaculate Virgin. Finally, with the discretion of a
mother and a teacher, and thanks to the open-hearted confidence with which you
have been able to inspire your children, you will not fail to watch for and to
discern the moment in which certain unspoken questions have occurred to their
minds and are troubling their senses. It will then be your duty to your
daughters, the father's duty to your sons, carefully and delicately to unveil
the truth as far as it appears necessary, to give a prudent, true, and
Christian answer to those questions, and set their minds at rest. If imparted
by the lips of Christian parents, at the proper time, in the proper measure,
and with the proper precautions, the revelation of the mysterious and marvelous
laws of life will be received by them with reverence and gratitude, and will
enlighten their minds with far less danger than if they learned them haphazard,
from some disturbing encounter, from secret conversations, through information
received from over-sophisticated companions, or from clandestine reading, the
more dangerous and pernicious as secrecy inflames the imagination and troubles
the senses. Your words, if they are wise and discreet, will prove a safeguard
and a warning in the midst of the temptations and the corruption which surround
them, 'because foreseen an arrow comes more slowly.' [Dante, Par., XVII, 27]
The Powerful Aid of Religion
But
in this great work of the Christian education of your sons and daughters you
well understand that training in the home, however wise, however thorough, is
not enough. It needs to be supplemented and perfected by the powerful aid of
religion. From the moment of Baptism the priest possesses the authority of a
spiritual father and a pastor over your children. and you must co-operate with
him in teaching them those first rudiments of catechism and piety which are the
only basis of a solid education, and of which you. the earliest teachers of
your children. ought to have a sufficient and sure knowledge. You cannot teach
what you do not know yourselves. Teach them to love God, to love Christ, to
love our Mother the Church and the pastors of the Church who are your guides.
Love the catechism and teach your children to love it; it is the great handbook
of the love and fear of God, of Christian wisdom and of eternal life.
Valiant Helpers in the Work of Education
In
your work of education, which is many-sided, you will feel the need and the
obligation of having recourse to others to help you: choose helpers who are
Christians like yourselves, and choose them with all the care that is called
for by the treasure which you are entrusting to them: you are committing to
them the faith, the purity, and the piety of your children. But when you have
chosen them you must not think that you are henceforth liberated from your duty
and your vigilance; you must co-operate with them. However eminent
school-teachers may be in their profession they will have little success in the
formation of your children without your collaboration-----still less if instead
of helping and lending support to their efforts you were to counteract and
oppose them. What a misfortune it would be if at home your indulgence and fond
weakness were to undo all that has been done at school, at catechism, or in
Catholic associations, to form the character and foster the piety of your children!
But-----some
mother may say-----children are so difficult to manage nowadays! I can do
nothing with that son of mine; that daughter of mine is impossible! Admittedly
many boys and girls at the age of twelve or fifteen show themselves
intractable. But why? Because when they were two or three years old they were
allowed to do as they pleased. True, some temperaments are ungrateful and
rebellious; but however unresponsive, however obstinate, he is still your
child. Would you love him any the less than his brothers and sisters if he were
sickly or deformed? God has given him to you; see that you do not treat him as
the outcast of the family. No child is so unruly that he cannot be trained with
care, patience, and love; and it will rarely happen that even the stoniest and
most unpromising soil will not bear some flower of submission and virtue, if
only an unreasonable severity does not run the risk of exterminating the seed
of good will which even the proudest soul has hidden within it. The whole
education of your children would be ruined were they to discover in their
parents-----and their eyes are sharp enough to see-----any signs of favoritism,
undue preferences, or antipathies in regard to any of them. For your own good
and for the good of the family it must be clear that, whether you use measured
severity or give encouragement and caresses, you have an equal love for all, a
love which makes no distinction save for the correction of evil or for the
encouragement of good. Have you not received them all equally from God?
Teachers side-by-side with Christian Mothers
Our
words have been addressed principally to you, Christian mothers. But with you
We see around Us today a gathering of nuns, teachers, and others engaged in the
work of Christian education. They are mothers too, not by nature or by blood
but by the love which they bear to the young, who are so dear to Christ and to
His Bride the Church. Yes, you too are mothers, you who work side by side with
Christian mothers in the work of education: for you have a mother's heart,
burning with the charity which the Holy Spirit has poured out in you. In this
charity, which is the charity of Christ that presses you on the path of
well-doing, you find your light, your comfort. and the work that brings you so
close to mothers, fathers, and children. You gather together these living
branches of society, these children who are the hope of their parents and of
the Church, and form them into a great family of thousands and thousands of
little ones; you develop the training of their minds, characters, and hearts,
bringing them up in a spiritual and moral atmosphere in which the joyousness of
innocence appears side by side with faith in God and reverence for holy things,
with a sense of duty towards parents and country. Our praise and gratitude,
joined with the thanks of all mothers, go out to you in full measure. In your
schools, homes, colleges, and associations you emulate and continue the
mother's work of training. You are truly a sisterhood of spiritual mothers whose
offspring is the pure flower of youth.
Conclusion
Christian
mothers and beloved daughters, of your incomparable mission-----fraught in
these days with so many difficulties and obstacles-----We have been able only
briefly to describe the glories. What a majestic figure is that of the mother
in the home as she fulfills her destiny at the cradle side, the nurse and
teacher of her little ones! Hers is truly a task full of labor, and We should
be tempted to deem her unequal to it were it not for the grace of God which is
ever at hand to enlighten, direct, and sustain her in her daily anxieties and
toil; were it not, too, for those other educators, mother-like in spirit and
energy, whom she calls to aid her in the formation of these youthful souls.
Imploring God to fill you to overflowing with His graces and to give increase
to your manifold labors on behalf of the young entrusted to you, We grant you
from Our heart, as a pledge of Heavenly favors, Our fatherly Apostolic
Benediction.
